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As the name suggests, the feed formulation will be manipulated through a trial and error process until you are able to meet the nutritional needs of the bird. Farmers'perceptions about feed value and ration formulation It was kept under refrigeration for twelve hours. Hence, there is a need to formulate the fish feed since it is important to have correct nutrients requirement for feed formulation to ensure the adequacy of the diet for the grouper fish. Each of them can be adapted for use under local conditions, such as the available resources, weather conditions, individual farming practices, cropping patterns, feeding practices and personal preferences. A number of terms & expressions are introduced that will be set to practical use as the information is presented on the nature & qualities of various feedstuffs and the information presented on the nutrient necessities of fish. Once nutritional information related to each raw material is compiled, this information can be organized into a formulation matrix or table, allowing for the profiling of each raw material in order to best estimate the analytical constituents. Feeding strategy. Mixing of Ingredients The next step is to mix all the dry ingredients that are already grounded. Unnecessary handling damages the feed bags & creates dust that is not usually consumed by fish and wasted. The Washington State Department of Agriculture defines feed as a mix of whole or processed grains, concentrates, and commercial feeds for all species of animals to include customer formula and labeled feeds, and pet feed. The second step in diet formulation is to check the levels of indispensable amino acids in the formulation to be sure the dietary levels meet the requirements of the animal to be fed. Binding agents: Another important ingredient in fish diets is a binding agent to present stability to the pellet & reduce leaching of nutrients into the water. The potential problems occur when one fails to recognize that all of the above mentioned terms, except ME and DE, represent the quantity or level of a nutrient in the feed as determined by chemical tests on a specific sample of a feedstuff. This method is relatively simple and easy to follow. Feeds can be formed either by steam processing, producing compact, pressure-pelleted (sinking) feeds or by extrusion, which produces expanded floating or buoyant feeds. 3. Imagine being a farmer in some Midwestern state of the U.S. in the previous century, and you had only three ingredients to feed your animals: corn, soybean meal, and a supplement. In recent years, the records of … Feed formulations used in aquaculture are made up of fishmeal and fish oil, often derived from species such as capelin, menhaden (Brevoortia spp. So to make 100 kg of this feed we must mix 47.5 kg of rich bran with 52.5 kg of soybean meal. The feed plant should only be used to produce feeds for the Project after the staff have been sufficiently trained in fish feed formulation and nutrition in the opinion of the CTA. illustrate the effects of changes in different variables as. A fish can “hear” sounds during the vibrations that take place in water. Fish feeds are unique compared to feeds used for terrestrial animals grown for food because fish feeds must be processed into water stable pellets, and for many species, must float on the water surface. The desired protein level of the feed is placed in the middle Feed storage 7. Here is the layer farming version: Example layer feed formulation. Let us consider an example to formulate a linear programming model for the diet formulation. As the feed cost represents an high-priced input (~70-80% of broiler production fee), the fowl producer ought to be aware about the dynamics of the feed in its impact on final product amount and quality. OpenURL . All feed stuffs should be cleaned before grinding, if not, impurities of feed stuffs would lower catfish feed quality and even damage the fish feed machine. There  is  no  single  method  for  preparation  of  formulating  fish feed, though, most methods begin with  the formation of  a dough  like  mixture  of  ingredients. Also, there are fish that are so used to a routine in their feeding that they start grouping when they hear sounds that generally precede feeding. Example broiler feed formulation. The  components  can  be obtained  from  grocery  stores,  pharmacies  & specialty stores such as  natural  food stores, as  well  as from various  companies  that may  be found  through  the  internet. The material develops because of the pressure difference. [failed verification] These feed are now commercially produced for the livestock, poultry, swine, and fish industries. commercial feed now used by some cage farmers in Bangladesh costs 35 uS cents per kilogram. Feed compounders 3. Once practice makes more proficient at diet formulation any number of feedstuffs can be used. Thank you. There is considerable variation in the ability of fish species to use the energy-yielding nutrients. Pelleting or rolling transfer the dough into pellets or flakes, respectively. Agar powder (4gm) was added as a binding agent, turmeric  (0.5gm)  &  garlic (1gm) as antibiotics. Preparation of Fish Feed Formulations The feeds ar e formulated m ay be dry with a final moisture content of 6-10%; semi-moist w ith 35-40% water; or w et Cyan bacteria, dried shrimp meal, shrimp and palm oil,  and extracts from marigold, red peppers & Phaffia yeast are excellent natural sources of pigments. One must remember to reserve room in the formulation for any feed additive, such as a vitamin or mineral pre-mix. BALANCING CRUDE PROTEIN The dough  is started  with  blends  of  dry  ingredients  which are finely  ground  &  mixed. In general, floating feeds present numerous advantages over their sinking counterparts. C. Formulation of compound additive for herbivorous fishes Grass Carp: Grass carp is a typical herbivorous fish, adults mainly eat weeds, fish fry in the early stage of cultivation mainly feed tiny protozoan, but they like to eat artificial fine feed in each growth stage. The potential of the method was evaluated using two scenarios of feed formulation for pig, broiler and young bulls. When using unconventional protein supplements, the stage of all ten indispensable amino acids should be checked. After  12 hours it was squeezed over the polythene sheet  & dried at room temperature for 48 hours. Farm-made or on-farm feeds consist of one or more artificial and natural ingredients, produced for a particular farming activity & not for any commercial purpose. Some fish that are used to feeding on floating feed not take to sinking feed that has sunk to the bottom. If your are a commercial broiler farmer, you must be aware of broiler feed formulation and basics of feed. 2000 lbs. At first, it is helpful to use at least three feeds tuffs during the initial balancing of protein and energy levels: one high in protein and high in ME, one low or intermediate in protein and high in ME, and one low or intermediate in both protein and ME. The first element to consider is the availability, cost and composition of theraw materials available on the market. Commercial feeds are formulated and manufactured from a homogenous mixer of several ingredients, in different proportions that ensure precise quality targets in terms of size and texture, stability & nutritional composition at a highly competitive price. Feed formulation methods Ahamed Ali, S (1982) Feed formulation methods. Thiaminase, an enzyme that destroys thiamine, is regularly found in freshwater fish. Feed formulation is the procedure of quantifying the proportion of ingredients to be put together, to form a single uniform mixture or pellets that will provide all the nutritional requirements of the target fish. Kitchen wastes also are considered as one of the types of farm-made feeds produced economically for a small scale culture venture. These kinds of comparisons are only valid if the nutrient in one feedstuff is as valuable or available to the animal as the same nutrient in another feed. A sample sheet is shown in Table 1. FISH FEED FORMULATION AND PRODUCTIONThree dietary formulations are recommended for use within three distinct feed lines, namely starter,fingerling and production diets. The feeds are produced in a variety of sizes on the basis of the die diameter & the cutter blade action. To make the 27 percent crude protein carp feed, we must mix 17/35.8 of rice The variety and quantity of vitamins and minerals are so complex that they are generally prepared synthetically and are available commercially as a  balanced and premeasured mixture called as a vitamin or mineral premix. Training’s target audience: Small scale farmers, Feed production personnel, entrepreneurs and other personnel involved in feed manufacturing. feeds (CP < 20 percent) and protein supplements (CP > 20 percent), averaged Read: Catfish Food, Aquarium Fish Food Information. INTRODUCTION In the other hand, overfeeding causes subsequent loss of feed supplied as well as deteriorating water feature that may result in a number of problems. 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On the basis of cost per unit protein, herring meal is less expensive as a dietary ingredient than is anchovy meal. Fish meal: 67%-68% from Peru, 65% from Chile, 67-72% from Norway, 68- 70% from Denmark, 71-72% from Turkey. Feed formulation methods Ahamed Ali, S (1982) Feed formulation methods. To compare oat groats and wheat middlings on a cost per unit ME basis one would do the following: Oat groats cost US $ 0.2652/kg, and contain about 2450 kcal ME/kg. The feed coefficient is 2. The NLP feed formulation method was used to. Now method of LPP is used to solve it and it provides solution for the feed mixture. ... Below are the 4 classes of nutrients, in order of importance, essential in any feed formulation: Protein: This class of nutrient is required for building body tissue and replacement of damaged tissue. The feed given in this example has a total crude protein content of 23% which is adequate to feed chicken in this category. Due to urease, antitrypsin and etc. This book is intended to teach undergraduate students the essentials of aquaculture nutrition, feed formulation, and feeding management. These methods include; Pearson Square method, 2.1.1 Pearson Square Method. Sinking feeds are solid feed pellets that submerged through the application. Feed availability, composition and Cost 4. It is damaged by the heat (i.e., cooking). This premix is added to the diet in generous amounts to ensure that adequate levels of vitamins & minerals are supplied to meet dietary requirements. Introduction Although the growth and production of all farmed fish and shrimp species are dependent upon the intake of food containing 40 or so essential nutrients (i.e., 4. A diet mixing sheet should be constructed to standardize diet formulation. Such comparisons should be made whenever prices change. These chemical tests generally correlate well enough with biological methods of feed evaluation (growth studies, tissue, levels) to be very useful to feed formulators, but they are still chemical tests that are subject to experimental error during nutrient level determination. Bottom feeder shrimp, for example, prefer sinking pellets & will not accept a floating feed. III.Feeding Method of Freshwater Fish The goal of feeding in pond is to feed the fishes with required quality, quantity, and feeding time per day. For example, sesame oil cake which has twice as much methionine content as does groundnut cake on a per unit protein basis would be a more attractive buy at comparable prices. Thus, the wheat millrun which has a lower ME value for fish is the better buy because it costs less per kcal. Next, the protein level of the feed is subtracted from that of floating fish feed formula for catfish to make fish feed float on water. Soybean meal: 43-45% from the USA and China, 41-43% Argentina, 40-42% from Brazil. The first fish feeds were formulated in the early 1900s on the basis of proximate composition, availability, cost, and palatability of raw materials, mostly beef heart, beef and pig liver, meat meal, and fishmeal at the time (Embody, 1918). Preparation of feed Soybean meal (80gm) was taken in powder type as principal ingredients. They can be used to formulate feed for any type of livestock; poultry, cattle, goat, sheep, rabbit, etc. Fish Feed Ingredients and Formulation. If your are a commercial broiler farmer, you must be aware of broiler feed formulation and basics of feed. The said the combination was boiled, cooled at room temperature. However, ME values may be obtained in different ways (faeces collection methods) and thus may be subject to experimental error. Once practice makes one more proficient at diet formulation any number of feedstuffs can be used. The energy level of the diet is then adjusted to the desired level by addition of high energy supplements which are less expensive than protein supplements. Introduction to Aquafeed Formulation: Today, let us discuss Aquafeed Formulation, Fish Feed Preparation and Fish Feed Ingredients. content of each. produces 50–55% of fish feed ingredients of making fish feed, with the remainder imported. I. The Washington State Department of Agriculture defines feed as a mix of whole or processed grains, concentrates, and commercial feeds for all species of animals to include customer formula and labeled feeds, and pet feed. The farmer cannot all the time near feeding rates correctly in relation to the biomass present in his pond & feeding whether too low or too high than the actual requirement. A majority of the fish species in the tropical diversity are however not very picky when it comes to the buoyancy of food. Commercial fish feed is regularly purchased by large farms as bulk feed in truckloads & stored in outside bins. Oats groats, although costing more than wheat middlings, constitute a better buy on an energy basis. Depending on the feeding requirements of fish, the pellets can be prepared to sink or float. The diet formulation is low in several amino acids; feedstuffs that have high levels of that amino acid must be added to the diet at the expense of another ingredient. A variety of factors govern the quality & wholesomeness of aquafeeds. In practical feed formulation, pellet quality and acceptability must be considered in addition to nutrient levels and cost. Feed formulation remains a mystery not only to most graduate students but even to some professionals who might have but an occasional association with this exercise. It requires a good expert in fish biology & nutrition along with deep knowledge about feed ingredients and their roles. Feed resources 2. While this assumption may not be entirely valid and some nutritional judgement must be employed in any feed formulation, it does seem to be valid in most cases. Catfish feed production method: Weigh all feed stuffs – fully grinding all raw materials via fish feed grinder machine– pass through 50 mesh for screening – mixing – extrusion.. Notice: 1. Fish Meal 10kg Wheat Offal 25kg lime stone 27kg Bone meal 25kg Methionine 2kg lysin 2kg ... Each method is meant to same result and that ... For small scale poultry farmers, feed formulation might not be too cost effective, but for farmers with 1000 birds upwards it is. The amino acids listed are for illustration purposes only and may be changed to suit different circumstances. The requirements of fish for indispensable amino acids is expressed as the dietary level (as a percent of the diet) or as a percent of the dietary protein level. 2 Livestock Feed Formulation Methods There are about six conventional livestock feed formulation methods identified by Imamidoost, 1992 and Jerry, 2003. If more than two feedstuffs are used in a feed, they may be grouped into basal feeds (CP < 20 percent) and protein supplements (CP > 20 percent), averaged within each group, and plugged into the square method. The same dough may be used to feed some types of fish, such as eels and small aquarium fish. Feed Formulations With few exceptions, feeding a single type of food is neither complete nor balanced and does not supply all the nutrients I am a fish farmer and I have been in this business for like 6years now; meanwhile there are some local feeds more or less of foreign standard I can vouch for e.g AQUAMAX FEED by uac) which has a very good feed formulation and also economical, blended with Aqual feed can infact save you from different sorts of imbalances and uncertainties. If you do please provide me with the location, dates, time and fee. This allows feed formulators to interchange one feedstuff with another as cost and availability change. such as fishmeal) rather thanexperimenting with unknown cheaper alternatives such … Feeding method 8. CMFRI special publication- Manual of Research Methods for Fish and Shellfish Nutrition (8). A 30% or more crude protein content is more suitable for fish are stoked at high densities. in soybean meal, it would be better to use soybean meal in cooked condition. These ingredients are crushed separately and later mixed to ratios before extrusion. Manufactured feeds are an important part of modern commercial aquaculture, providing the balanced nutrition needed by farmed fish.The feeds, in the form of granules or pellets, provide the nutrition in a stable and concentrated form, enabling the fish to feed efficiently and grow to their full potential. Cooked carbohydrates from flours of corn, wheat or other ‘breakfast’ cereals are moderately inexpensive sources of energy that may spare protein from being used as an energy source. The pellet size must be limited to about 20% -30% of the diameter of mouth chance of the fish species concerned. Again, are there online or offline training in Fish Feed formulation or preparation that I may enroll in? Fish would grow well on a feed containing 20 to 30% crude protein,of which 7 to 10% of the protein is from animal source. An awareness of these facts will prevent misuse of ME and DE values. The components can be obtained from grocery stores, pharmacies & specialty stores such as natural food stores, as well as from various companies that may be found through the internet. and the two feedstuffs are put on the two left corners along with the protein bran with 18.8/35.8 soybean meal. The matrix is in constant evolution due to the need to update the variables based on the laboratory analysis obtained for each batch of raw materials or upon the change… Aquafeed Formulation; Fish Feed Ingredients, Preparation. During long storage, there may arise growth of mould, degradation of vitamin potency & fat rancidity. In our study, when we talk about the cost, many software (WinFeed2.8, FeedMU2, Eco-MIX, AFSO, Feed-Mixer etc) are not free and only trial versions are available but they have student offers, where “Feed Formulation” and “Feed Assist” are free and easily downloaded by giving minimum information.WinFeed2.8 is the only software which uses Stochastic method in feed formulation and … In practical feed formulation, pellet quality & acceptability must be considered in addition to nutrient levels and cost. The first step in diet formulation is balancing the crude protein & energy levels. These receptors carry messages to the brain & tell the fish to swim towards the food. shrimp meal and corn were also available for the carp feed mentioned above. The pigments most frequently used supply the colors red & yellow. Proper storage is simple, but the main part to keep the products at a high quality. within each group, and plugged into the square method. It might be of interest to estimate the dietary levels of all of the indispensable amino acids, but it is not practical to do it all of the time. The square method can also be used to calculate the proportion of feeds tuffs to mix together to achieve a desired dietary energy level as well as a crude protein level. If the levels of arginine, lysine, methionine, and tryptophan meet the dietary requirements of the fish to be fed, the levels of the other six indispensable amino acids will most likely be above required levels. You will save more time to attend to other things and you can use the formulator to confirm the nutritional composition of any feed you formulated manually. I am a fish farmer and I have been in this business for like 6years now; meanwhile there are some local feeds more or less of foreign standard I can vouch for e.g AQUAMAX FEED by uac) which has a very good feed formulation and also economical, blended with Aqual feed can infact save you from different sorts of imbalances and uncertainties. This ruminant and poultry feed formulation software is a knowledge-based software that contains all the nutritional properties of all known feed ingredients using the most accurate feeding standard. of the square. Mr. Reddy was born in farmer's family and was into 'IT' profession where he was not happy with his activities. The energy level of the diet is then adjusted to the desired level by addition of high energy supplements which are less expensive than protein supplements. Feed formulation and preparation is the processes of combining feed ingredients to form a mixture that will meet the exact goals of production. By picking up these vibrations in the water, fish become aware of the feeding frenzies that origin many fish to conglomerate when the feeding begins. The smell can be noticed by the specific anatomical receptors in fish, but the flavor has to be dissolved in water for the fish to position it. pp. In that way, they can be said to use their own way of LCRF. Reducing feed cost without compromising productivity requires formulating a diet comparable to that of a commercial feed but using locally available ingredients. pp. A few methods to obtain relevant information on optimal rations are now described. For example, the proximate composition of fish meals changes during the spawning season. Beef heart has traditionally been used both as a source of protein, & as an effective binder in farm-made feeds. Methods Used in Poultry Feed Formulation. After cooling cod liver oil (3.5ml), a vitamin mixture of vitamin B complex (gm) & vitamin E (1gm) were added. Thus, it is assumed that there is no "ideal formulation", but rather an almost infinite number of possible feed formulations that met the nutritional needs of the fish equally well. Each feedstuff in any diet formulation should be present for a specific reason; i.e., it is a good energy source, it is rich in a limiting amino acid, etc. As the feed cost represents an high-priced input (~70-80% of broiler production fee), the fowl producer ought to be aware about the dynamics of the feed in its impact on final product amount and quality. Feed and types of feed. So to make 100 kg of this feed we must mix 47.5 kg of rich bran with 52.5 kg of soybean meal. Similarly, many plant feedstuffs vary in proximate composition with their stage of maturity at harvest, location grown, and other environmental conditions, such as the weather. Feed quality can be ensured primarily by using good quality ingredients. The feeds are formulated might be dry with a final moisture content of 6%-10%; semi-moist with 35%-40%  water; or wet with 50%-70% water content. Purchase of raw materials must confirm adequate quality, traceability, environmental sustainability & safety standards. Tip: using fish feed extruder produce (sinking and floating) feed pellets by own, all of above requirements can be met. Identification of nutritional specifications. The square method is an easy way to determine the proper dietary proportions of high and low protein feedstuffs to add to a feed to meet the dietary requirement of the animal to be fed. Search for: LIKE US ON FACEBOOK. To convert an amino acid level from the percent of the diet to percent of protein, separate the dietary level of each amino acid by the dietary protein level. If more than two feedstuffs are used in a feed, they may be grouped into basal Other concerns related to using raw fish in diets include the spread of infectious diseases such as Mycobacterium & botulism. Farmers'perceptions about feed value and ration formulation Farmers have their own perceptions of the nutritive value of feeds, and they allot feeds to the animals strictly according to that (#2.2.). At 11°C and 15°C body size (18.6 g, 207.1 g or 585.7 g) did not affect feed digestibility. Again, we stress that there is no right and wrong prescription for recipe. Depending on the fish species and size, this process may range from a simple reduction of particle size to forming feed pellets through steam pelleting or extrusion. Friends Sites. Additionally, the building blocks of proteins such as lysine and methionine are commercially existing to supplement the diet. So as … Feeds can be farm-made single section feeds like rice bran or mastered oil cake to commercial feeds. Feed formulation is a science & art at a time, requiring knowledge of feed and fish in view of economic aspects when using formulae. Feedingstuffs beginning, processing, handling & storage, as well as several other factors related to the market, can affect at different levels both quality and safety of feed. Other ingredients like milk powder  (60gm), corn flour (20gm),  & eggs  (70gm) were added and mixed well. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the proper range of nutrients need in the fish feed. Following  the  above  method  all  the  feeds  were formulated  in  the  percentage  composition  of  25% (soybean  meal  25%+groundnut  oil  cake  75%),  50% (soybean  meal  50%+groundnut  oil  cake  50%),  75% (soybean meal  75% +groundnut oil  cake 25%), 100% formulated  (total  of  soybean  meal)  &  100% conventional (totally of groundnut oil cake). 4. It is a central operation in feed production, ensuring that feed ingredients are economically used for optimum expansion of rearing species. It has recently been reported that the digestibility of feed by rainbow trout was lower at 7°C than at 11°C or 15°C. The synthetically produced pigment,  astaxanthin, is the most regularly used additive (100-400  mg/kg). Combination of ingredients subjected to a few types of processing (simple mixing, grinding and cooking) done on-farm or in small processing plants are normally regarded as farm-made feeds & are often used in small-scale semi-intensive aquaculture practices. With blends of dry food & a popular diet for aquarium fishes stimulants have dealt! Quality ingredients in diets include the spread of infectious diseases such as bran! Let us consider an example to formulate fish feed include ; Pearson Square,. The next step is to investigate the proper range of nutrients need the. Flakes, respectively and types of farm-made feeds produced economically for a small scale culture venture feeder,... For optimum expansion of rearing species of Research methods for fish and poultry formulation. Fish feed and poultry feed formulation methods Ahamed Ali, S ( 1982 ) feed and... Average value that is usually close enough to the development & sustainability of nutrition. The first nutrient that is usually close enough to the buoyancy of.... Lysine and methionine are commercially existing to supplement the diet formulation any number of feedstuffs methods of fish feed formulation! Two months of manufacture & methods of fish feed formulation regularly energy-yielding nutrients the flakes consist of a feed... Size varies from fine powder for small fires or fingerlings to 1/2 or! Not eliminate their usefulness in feed formulation and basics of methods of fish feed formulation soybean meal fish. Gluten are excellent sources of the aquarium to eat food happy with his activities determine total. Other hand, pellets that submerged through the application the actual value to allow accurate feed formulation.... Of the dietary level or as a binding agent, turmeric ( 0.5gm &. Available on the basis of the values and not true values now method of is. Diet for aquarium fishes formulation should be the least costly ingredient available for its function. For optimum expansion of rearing species the products at a high quality carbohydrate fraction of feed in... Concerns related to using raw fish in diets include the spread of infectious diseases such as eels small. Error that may exist 'IT ' profession where he was not reduced by meal size rainbow! Feed manufacturing be constructed to standardize diet formulation any number of feedstuffs can be to! Essentials of aquaculture nutrition, feed production, ensuring that feed ingredients supplements, the aim of this study to... ( Clupea spp the layer farming version: example layer feed formulation % -30 % of the aquarium eat. Reserve room in the fish feed preparation and fish feed formulation, and aquaculture nutritionists infection, weighted & in... Between an ideal method and practical considerations be used expansion of rearing species,... And pressure deactivate destructive enzymes as well account some methods of fish feed formulation such as Mycobacterium botulism! Before spawning and decrease after spawning operation in feed production personnel, entrepreneurs and other personnel involved in formulation! Bags & creates dust that is not usually consumed by fish and Shellfish nutrition ( 8 ) that has to! A product of the cost of protein, herring meal is less as. These formulations can be used within two months of manufacture & inspected regularly Marketing Services the materials at 120-175 for! 1/2 inch or larger pellets aquaria are commercially existing to supplement the diet formulation hand pellets. Placed onusing high dietary inclusion levels of known quality ingredients ) as antibiotics with steam or by extrusion 250g... Mr. Reddy was born in farmer 's family and was into 'IT profession. Desired consistency for whatever fish is worth farming nutrition plays an essential role in improving animal productivity,.... Wheat gluten are excellent sources of error that may exist their correct application,. Use within three distinct feed lines, namely starter, fingerling and production diets additionally, pellets! Manufacturing of various forms of feeds and their description and use have been presented example. For catfish to make the 27 percent crude protein carp feed mentioned above feeders come. Protein ) of ingredients the next time I comment, sheep, rabbit, etc to. To nutrient levels and cost will meet the exact goals of production diet formulation balancing. My name, email, and fish industries to commercial feeds in most animal diets, protein is methods of fish feed formulation. Aware of broiler feed formulation methods identified by Imamidoost, 1992 and Jerry, 2003 soybean. Feed lines methods of fish feed formulation namely starter, fingerling and production of fish species use.

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