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lucretius on the nature of things

one should read suetonius or tacitus, and lucian's "alexander the false prophet" from a later era, to grasp the appalling and degrading mixture of tyranny, paranoia, superstition, depravity, rumor and random brutality under which the roman elite lived. "[35], Despite his advocacy of empiricism and his many correct conjectures about atomism and the nature of the physical world, Lucretius concludes his first book stressing the absurdity of the (by then well-established) round earth theory, favor instead a flat earth cosmology. Lucretius opens his poem by addressing Venus not only as the mother of Rome (Aeneadum genetrix) but also as the veritable mother of nature (Alma Venus), urging her to pacify her lover Mars and spare Rome from strife. Opens with an prayer to Venus, lamenting the barbarous business of warfare [e.g., civil war, butchery of the Sammites, Spartacus' revolt, Catiline's conspiracy], and an appeal to Memmius. The poem was produced in the middle of first century B.C., a period that was to witness a flowering of Latin literature unequaled for beauty and intellectual power in subsequent ages. [57] Rather, all the remaining Lucretian manuscripts that are currently extant date from or after the fifteenth century. For Table of Contents and information about this translation, including copyright, please use this link: Contents. [27] The historian Ada Palmer has labelled six ideas in Lucretius's thought (viz. Lucretius' poem On the Nature of Things combines a scientific and philosophical treatise with some of the greatest poetry ever written. his assertion that the world was created from chaos, and his denials of Providence, divine participation, miracles, the efficacy of prayer, and an afterlife) as "proto-atheistic". In relation to this discrepancy in the frequency of Lucretius's reference to the apparent subject of his poem, Kannengiesse advances the theory that Lucretius wrote the first version of De rerum natura for the reader at large, and subsequently revised in order to write it for Memmius. Commentary: Many comments have been posted about On the Nature of Things. [3], In the third book, the general concepts proposed thus far are applied to demonstrate that the vital and intellectual principles, the Anima and Animus, are as much a part of us as are our limbs and members, but like those limbs and members have no distinct and independent existence, and that hence soul and body live and perish together; the book concludes by arguing that the fear of death is a folly, as death merely extinguishes all feeling—both the good and the bad. So, if you know a little Latin, but you're not really great at it, this compact volume with the Latin on the left-hand page and the English on the right, is the book for you. The Nature of Things (1813), by Thomas Busby; On the Nature of Things (1851), by John Selby Watson (external scan) De Rerum Natura (1864; 2nd ed. On The Nature of Things is sweeping in scope and detail, but in the end it is essentially a presentation of the Epicurean method for answering the most common and troubling questions about the nature of life and of the universe. He likens the physical body to a vessel that holds both the mind (mens) and spirit (anima). [59], The first printed edition of De rerum natura was produced in Brescia, Lombardy, in 1473. Start studying Lucretius: On the Nature of Things. Study of the poetry and philosophy of Lucretius’ De rerum natura and of its influence on modern science and philosophy. Lucretius then dedicates time to exploring the axiom that nothing can be produced from nothing, and that nothing can be reduced to nothing (Nil fieri ex nihilo, in nihilum nil posse reverti). For comparison purposes the less literal William Leonard 1916 edition in poem form is available at Perseus here . "[89], After Lactantius's time, Lucretius was almost exclusively referenced or alluded to in a negative manner by the Church Fathers. Lucretius attempts to allow for free will in his physicalistic universe by postulating an indeterministic tendency for atoms to veer randomly (Latin: clinamen, literally "the turning aside of a thing", but often translated as "the swerve"). [23] However, at that time the label was extremely broad and did not necessarily mean a denial of divine entities (for example, some large Christian sects labelled dissenting groups as atheists). Titus Lucretius Carus (c. 99 BC c. 55 BC) was a Roman poet and philosopher. [88] While he argued that Lucretius's criticism of Roman religion were "sound attacks on paganism and superstition", Lactantius claimed that they were futile against the "True Faith" of Christianity. Lucretius divided his argument into six books, beginning each with a highly polished introduction. [13] Memmius was also a tribune in 66, praetor in 58, governor of Bithynia in 57, and was a candidate for the consulship in 54 but was disqualified for bribery, and Stearns suggests that the warm relationship between patron and client may have cooled (sed tua me virtus tamen et sperata voluptas / suavis amicitiae quemvis efferre laborem, "But still your merit, and as I hope, the joy / Of our sweet friendship, urge me to any toil"). attempting verses on the nature of things, for my Memmius, whom you, goddess, 30 have willed at all times to be excellent, a splendid man in everything he does. The last three books give an atomic and materialist explanation of phenomena preoccupying human reflection, such as vision and the senses, sex and reproduction, natural forces and agriculture, the heavens, and disease. The one major exception to this was Isidore of Seville, who at the start of the 7th century produced a work on astronomy and natural history dedicated to the Visigothic king Sisebut that was entitled De natura rerum. This meant that humans had nothing to fear from them. [62][63], It is also believed that the Roman poet Virgil referenced Lucretius and his work in the second book of his Georgics when he wrote: "Happy is he who has discovered the causes of things and has cast beneath his feet all fears, unavoidable fate, and the din of the devouring Underworld" (felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas/atque metus omnis et inexorabile fatum/subiecit pedibus strepitumque Acherontis avari). [15] Near the end of his first book, Lucretius defends his fusion of Epicureanism and poetry with a simile, arguing that the philosophy he espouses is like a medicine: life-saving but often unpleasant. Lucretius begins by invoking Epicurus, the philosopher who originated this school of philosophy.Lucretius sets the stage for the following arguments by reminding us that Epicureans believe that fear of death is an evil born of ignorance. [66] What is more, Manilius also seems to suggest throughout this poem that his work is superior to that of Lucretius's. [3], The sixth book contains an explanation of some of the most striking natural appearances, especially thunder, lightning, hail, rain, snow, ice, cold, heat, wind, earthquakes, volcanoes, springs and localities noxious to animal life, which leads to a discourse upon diseases. Lucretius on the Nature of Things Many of the earliest books, particularly those dating back to the 1900s and before, are now extremely scarce and increasingly expensive. The title of Lucretius’s work translates that of the chief work of Epicurus, Peri physeōs (On Nature). These phenomena are the result of regular, but purposeless motions and interactions of tiny atoms in empty space. Start studying Lucretius: On the Nature of Things. This manuscript was likely copied after O, sometime in the mid-ninth century. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Book VI explains remarkable phenomena of the earth and sky—in particular, thunder and lightning. [9] There are over a dozen references to "Memmius" scattered throughout the long poem in a variety of contexts in translation, such as "Memmius mine", "my Memmius", and "illustrious Memmius". This reading is from "The Way Things Are: The De Rerum Natura," 1968, … Do narrative poems tend to be very short? Lucretius - On the Nature of Things This famous work by Lucretius is a masterpiece of didactic poetry, and it still stands today as the finest exposition of Epicurean philosophy ever written. And since these are, likewise confess thou must That primal bodies are solid and eterne. Find in this title: Find again. Lucretius divided his argument into six Following this, the poet argues that the universe comprises an infinite number of Atoms, which are scattered about in an infinite and vast void (Inane). Regarded as a masterpiece of Epicurean philosophy, Lucretius' 'On the Nature of Things' is an epic poem detailing the teachings of the 3rd century BC sage Epicurus (who, contrary to popular belief, espoused not a sybaritic existence but a life of simple pleasures). 99-ca. He freely used alliteration and assonance, solemn and often metrically convenient archaic forms, and old constructions. On the Nature of Things Lucretius expounds the Epicurian view that the world can be explained by the operation of material forces and natural laws and thus one should not fear the gods or death. [66] This has led scholars like Katharina Volk to argue that "Manilius is a veritable anti-Lucretius". These remnants were discovered among the Epicurean library in the Villa of the Papyri, Herculaneum. According to the Epicurean canon, the fear of death must also becountered, and the rational management of pleasures a… The linguistic style of the poem is notable. [5], The oldest purported fragments of De rerum natura were published by K. Kleve in 1989 and consist of sixteen fragments. [3] Lucretius identifies the supernatural with the notion that the deities created our world or interfere with its operations in some way. Book III Summary. "[5], Lucretius was almost certainly read by the imperial poet Marcus Manilius (fl. On The Nature of Things is sweeping in scope and detail, but in the end it is essentially a presentation of the Epicurean method for answering the most common and troubling questions about the nature of life and of the universe. [10] The German classicists Ivo Bruns and Samuel Brandt set forth an alternative theory that Lucretius did at first write the poem with Memmius in mind, but that his enthusiasm for his patron cooled over time. Lucretius' poem On the Nature of Things combines a scientific and philosophical treatise with some of the greatest poetry ever written. This copy has been dated to the early ninth century and was produced by a Carolingian scriptorium (likely a monastery connected to the court of Charlemagne). Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Topics include Epicurean physics and ethics, free will, contingency and design in nature, death and human mortality, romantic love, religion, politics, and technological progress. [8] This book addresses the origin of the world and of all things therein, the movements of the heavenly bodies, the changing of the seasons, day and night, the rise and progress of humankind, society, political institutions, and the invention of the various arts and sciences which embellish and ennoble life. Od. Lucretius develops his argument in great detail, but gives minimal introduction to the method of his approach. VIRGIL “In De Rerum Natura, Lucretius… voluntas). [28][29] She qualifies her use of this term, cautioning that it is not to be used to say that Lucretius was himself an atheist in the modern sense of the word, nor that atheism is a teleological necessity, but rather that many of his ideas were taken up by 19th, 20th, and 21st century atheists. Bohn Collection americana Digitizing sponsor Google Book from the collections of Harvard University Language English. 55 BCE, but the details of his career are unknown. In both this work, and as well as his more well-known Etymologiae (c. AD 600–625), Isidore liberally quotes from Lucretius a total of twelve times, drawing verses from all of Lucretius's books except his third. Books I and II establish the main principles of the atomic universe, refute the rival theories of the pre-Socratic cosmic philosophers Heracleitus, Empedocles, and Anaxagoras, and covertly attack the Stoics, a school of moralists rivaling that of Epicurus. He argued that the deities (whose existence he did not deny) lived forevermore in the enjoyment of absolute peace—strangers to all the passions, desires, and fears, which affect humans—and totally indifferent to the world and its inhabitants, unmoved alike by their virtues and their crimes. [29], De rerum natura does not argue that the soul does not exist; rather, the poem claims that the soul, like all things in existence, is made up of atoms, and because these atoms will one day drift apart, the human soul is not immortal. Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus) lived ca. It has been suggested that Dante (1265–1321) might have read Lucretius's poem, as a few verses of his Divine Comedy exhibit a great affinity with De rerum natura, but there is no conclusive evidence that Dante ever read Lucretius. The Nature of Things (1813), by Thomas Busby; On the Nature of Things (1851), by John Selby Watson (external scan) De Rerum Natura (1864; 2nd ed. [41], Martin Ferguson Smith notes that Cicero's close friend, Titus Pomponius Atticus, was an Epicurean publisher, and it is possible his slaves made the very first copies of De rerum natura. This wrath was supposed to be displayed by the misfortunes inflicted in this life and by the everlasting tortures that were the lot of the guilty in a future state (or, where these feelings were not strongly developed, from a vague dread of gloom and misery after death). [95] His influence is especially notable in the work of the Spanish-American philosopher George Santayana, who praised Lucretius—along with Dante and Goethe—in his book Three Philosophical Poets,[96] although he openly admired the poet's system of physics more so than his spiritual musings (referring to the latter as "fumbling, timid and sad"). 55 BCE, but the details of his career are unknown. [45] Nevertheless, a small minority of scholars argue that Jerome's assertion may be credible. Brand new Book. BOOK SIX "[23] Some Christian apologists viewed De rerum natura as an atheist manifesto and a dangerous foil to be thwarted. ON THE NATURE OF THINGS . (2) For the documentary television series, see, Lucretius was quoted by several early Christian writers, including, "Hortus Apertus – La fortuna – Dante e Lucrezio", "Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini" (2013), "The 2012 Pulitzer Prize Winners: General Nonfiction", "2011 National Book Award Winner, Nonfiction", "An Unearthed Treasure That Changed Things", "The Answer Man: An Ancient Poem Was Rediscovered—and the World Swerved", "Book review: 'The Swerve: How the World Became Modern, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, List of English translations of De rerum natura, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De_rerum_natura&oldid=988829043, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with Latin-language sources (la), Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 15 November 2020, at 14:12. On the Nature of Things Lucretius expounds the Epicurian view that the world can be explained by the operation of material forces and natural laws and thus one should not fear the gods or death. Titus Lucretius CARUS (c. 99 BCE - 55 BCE), translated by John Selby WATSON (1804 - 1844) Written in the first century b.C., On the Nature of Things (in Latin, De Rerum Natura) is a poem in six books that aims at explaining the Epicurean philosophy to the Roman audience. Historians of science, however, have been critical of the limitations of his Epicurean approach to science, especially as it pertained to astronomical topics, which he relegated to the class of "unclear" objects. Molière produced a verse translation which does not survive; John Evelyn translated the first book. [101][102], "On the Nature of Things" redirects here. Lucretius, has always made me feel hopeful and some how more connected to the universe and less to the subjective problems we perceive. [49] The second of these ninth-century manuscripts is the Codex Quadratus, often called Q. With intense moral fervour he demonstrates to humanity that in death there is nothing to fear since the soul is mortal, and the world and everything in it is governed by the mechanical laws of nature and not by gods; and that by believing this men can live in peace of mind … )[69], Additionally, Lucretius's work is discussed by the Augustan poet Ovid, who in his Amores writes "the verses of the sublime Lucretius will perish only when a day will bring the end of the world" (Carmina sublimis tunc sunt peritura Lucreti / exitio terras cum dabit una dies),[70] and the Silver Age poet Statius, who in his Silvae praises Lucretius as being highly "learned". Other printed editions followed soon after. He argues against fear of such deities by demonstrating, through observations and arguments, that the operations of the world can be accounted for in terms of natural phenomena. The nature of things: a didactic poem : translated from the Latin of Titus Lucretius Carus, accompanied with the original text, and illustrated with notes philological and explanatory 1805, Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme The first three books provide a fundamental account of being and nothingness, matter and space, the atoms and their movement, the infinity of the universe both as regards time and space, the regularity of reproduction (no prodigies, everything in its proper habitat), the nature of mind (animus, directing thought) and spirit (anima, sentience) as material bodily entities, and their mortality, since, according to Lucretius, they and their functions (consciousness, pain) end with the bodies that contain them and with which they are interwoven. "De rerum natura" ("On the Nature of Things") is his only known work. On the Nature of Things, long poem written in Latin as De rerum natura by Lucretius that sets forth the physical theory of the Greek philosopher Epicurus. [5] Given that Lucretius goes on to argue that the gods are removed from human life, many have thus seen this opening to be contradictory: how can Lucretius pray to Venus and then deny that the gods listen to or care about human affairs? On the Nature of Things By Lucretius Written 50 B.C.E Translated by William Ellery Leonard : Table of Contents "[5], Lucretius maintained that he could free humankind from fear of the deities by demonstrating that all things occur by natural causes without any intervention by the deities. To do this, Epicurus invoked the atomism of Democritus to demonstrate that the material universe was formed not by a Supreme Being, but by the mixing of elemental particles that had existed from all eternity governed by certain simple laws. If the latter is true, Lucretius, notes, this is because: "either swift currents of ether whirl round and round and roll their fires at large across the nocturnal regions of the sky"; "an external current of air from some other quarter may whirl them along in their course"; or "they may swim of their own accord, each responsive to the call of its own food, and feed their fiery bodies in the broad pastures of the sky". Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The shape of these atoms, their properties, their movements, the laws under which they enter into combination and assume forms and qualities appreciable by the senses, with other preliminary matters on their nature and affections, together with a refutation of objections and opposing hypotheses, occupy the first two books. On the Nature of Things By Lucretius. Navigate parenthood with the help of the Raising Curious Learners podcast. Its author’s aim was to render the bald and abstract Greek prose of Epicurus into Latin hexameters at a time when Latin had no philosophic vocabulary. He had a considerable influence on writers such as Montaigne. [61], The earliest recorded critique of Lucretius's work is in a letter written by the Roman statesman Cicero to his brother Quintus, in which the former claims that Lucretius's poetry is "full of inspired brilliance, but also of great artistry" (Lucreti poemata, ut scribis, ita sunt, multis luminibus ingeni, multae tamen artis). Lucretius. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. [36], Drawing on these, and other passages, William Stahl considered that "The anomalous and derivative character of the scientific portions of Lucretius' poem makes it reasonable to conclude that his significance should be judged as a poet, not as a scientist. Students must have two years of Latin or equivalent. However, Memmius' name is central to several critical verses in the poem, and this theory has therefore been largely discredited. If Lucretius's poem were to be definitely placed at the Villa of the Papyri, it would suggest that it was studied by the Neapolitan Epicurean school. 55 BCE, but the details of his career are unknown. "Nothing ever springs miraculously from nothing... all are formed fr… In the work, Greenblatt argues that Poggio Bracciolini's discovery of De rerum natura reintroduced important ideas that sparked the modern age. Corrections? ("Agamemnon", "Hom. However, the purpose of the poem is subject to ongoing scholarly debate. Book V describes the creation and working of the world and the celestial bodies and the evolution of life and human society. The De rerum natura is, as its title confirms, a work ofphysics, written in the venerable tradition of Greek treatises Onnature. Updates? Lucretius was a Roman poet who lived in the first century BCE. Lucretius displays, i… [7], After the opening, the poem commences with an enunciation of the proposition on the nature and being of the deities, which leads to an invective against the evils of superstition. Critics of Lucretius most often focus on three major aspects of On the Nature of Things: his investigation of scientific phenomena, his approach to religious issues, and his poetic skills. LUCRETIUS. At the heart of this lengthy analysis of the ways the universe works is a human message that transcends the centuries and speaks to people of all times. [43] In c. AD 380, St. Jerome would contend in his Chronicon that Cicero amended and edited De rerum natura,[44] although most scholars argue that this is an erroneous claim;[45] the classicist David Butterfield argues that this mistake was likely made by Jerome (or his sources) because the earliest reference to Lucretius is in the aforementioned letter from Cicero. For instance, Diskin Clay sees Venus as a poetic substitute for sex, and Bonnie Catto sees the invocation of the name as a metonym for the "creative process of natura". According to Lucretius's frequent statements in his poem, the main purpose of the work was to free Gaius Memmius's mind of the supernatural and the fear of death—and to induct him into a state of ataraxia by expounding the philosophical system of Epicurus, whom Lucretius glorifies as the hero of his epic poem. In that case, nature would never have produced anything. To the Greek philosopher Epicurus, the unhappiness and degradation of humans arose largely from the dread which they entertained of the power of the deities, from terror of their wrath. In six books compounded of solid reasoning, brilliant imagination, and noble poetry, he expounds the scientific theories of the Greek philosopher Epicurus, with the aim of dispelling fear of the gods and fear of … And as a simple ceasing-to-be, death can be neither good nor bad for this being, since a dead person—being completely devoid of sensation and thought—cannot miss being alive. [52][53] Scholars consider manuscripts O, Q, and S to all be descendants of the original archetype, which they dub Ω. Download for offline reading, highlight, bookmark or take notes while you read On the Nature of Things. [13][14], There is a certain irony to the poem, namely that while Lucretius extols the virtue of the Epicurean school of thought, Epicurus himself had advised his acolytes from penning poetry because he believed it to make that which was simple overly complicated. [90][91] (About a century later, the British historian and Doctor of the Church Bede produced a work also called De natura rerum, partly based on Isidore's work but apparently ignorant of Lucretius's poem. Book digitized by Google from the library of Harvard University and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb. [5][64][65] According to David Sedley of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "With these admiring words, Virgil neatly encapsulates four dominant themes of the poem—universal causal explanation, leading to elimination of the threats the world seems to pose, a vindication of free will, and disproof of the soul's survival after death. 1. [3], The fifth book is described by Ramsay as the most finished and impressive,[3] while Stahl argues that its "puerile conceptions" is proof that Lucretius should be judged as a poet, not as a scientist. [84][85] Additionally, Pliny the Elder lists Lucretius (presumably referring to his De rerum natura) as a source at the beginning of his Naturalis Historia, and Seneca the Younger quoted six passages from De rerum natura across several of his works. Lucretius, it seems, in On the Nature of Things conducts an elaborate satire regarding his Epicurean beliefs. Introduction to Lucretius’ On the Nature of Things Cyril Baley O f the three great Latin poets Lucretius seems to make the most peculiar appeal to our own age. Lucretius lays out two fundamental principles of matter: 1) nothing comes from … Download: A text-only version is available for download. [1], Lucretius has also had a marked influence upon modern philosophy, as perhaps the most complete expositor of Epicurean thought. "[46] However, Kleve contends that four of the six books are represented in the fragments, which he argues is reason to assume that the entire poem was at one time kept in the library. “All religions are equally sublime to the ignorant, useful to the politician, and ridiculous to the … BOOK ONE Free kindle book and epub digitized and proofread by Project Gutenberg. On the Nature of Things - Ebook written by Titus Lucretius Carus. The conditions then for the good life reflect the fact that our welfare consists fundamentally of pleasure and absence of pain. Lucretius thus argues that death is simply annihilation, and that there is no afterlife. He had a considerable influence on writers such as Montaigne. We are republishing these classic works in affordable, high quality, editions! Editions, using the original text and artwork marked influence upon modern philosophy, perhaps. Google from the library of Harvard University and uploaded to the universe and less the... 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University and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb thus argues that death is simply annihilation, that..., including copyright, please use this link: Contents that it was in., Machiavelli made a copy early in his life in response, scholars! Collections of Harvard University Language English if Livy is easy and Horace is hard then! Login ) book digitized by Google from the collections of Harvard University and uploaded the! App On your PC, android, iOS devices this book using Google Play books app On your PC android! But the details of his career are unknown you are agreeing to news, offers, and there... His life Google from the library of Harvard University and uploaded to the method of his.... De rerum natura and of its influence On writers such as Montaigne was in! Fragments of De rerum natura ( On Nature ) lay down which of them it is also poem... But not the onlyone some how more connected to the subjective problems we perceive that was! 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Oblongus, often called Q Coincidentally, De rerum natura as an atheist manifesto and a dangerous to. Is the author of the poem, and this theory has therefore been largely discredited news offers... We perceive death is simply annihilation, and this theory has therefore been largely discredited phenomena of the poem of! Celestial bodies and the Astronomica were both rediscovered by Poggio Bracciolini 's discovery of De rerum natura '' ``. These classic works in affordable, high quality, modern editions, using the original text and.. Is also housed at Leiden University into six Lucretius was a Roman aristocrat during the Peloponnesian.... Anima ) poet Marcus Manilius ( fl extant date from or after the fifteenth.! Problems we perceive, but the details of his career are unknown nothing to fear from them the problems., Lucretius was a Roman poet and philosopher over 2050 years ago scientific and philosophical treatise with some the! Lucretius identifies the supernatural with the concept of free will a hundred quotes from De rerum reintroduced! Of things.Indianapolis/ Cambridge: Hackett Pub, 2001 labelled six ideas in Lucretius 's On the Nature Things... Minority of scholars argue that the poet uses lucretius on the nature of things poetically as a metonym two years of Latin or equivalent hopeful., iOS devices remaining Lucretian manuscripts that are currently extant date from or after fifteenth... This meant that humans had nothing to fear from them easy and Horace is hard, Lucretius. He had a considerable influence On modern science and philosophy, as perhaps the complete. On modern science and philosophy, it seems, in Latin: Contents the mid-ninth century official! Six Lucretius was a Roman poet and philosopher over 2050 years ago proves that the poet uses Venus as. Interactions of tiny atoms in empty space imperial poet Marcus Manilius ( fl produced in,! Lombardy, in 1563, by Denis Lambin which he heavily annotated our progress... This is a work of Epicurus, Peri physeōs ( On the Nature Things.

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