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Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) is a cultivated perennial lemon scented herb. It is characterised by square stems, lemon-scented and scalloped edge leaves, and flowers that mature from white or yellow to pale blue. Fresh leaves are best for tea, but dried leaves can also be used…, Lemon balm flowers also have culinary use. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. 1984;115(2):527–34. The maximum inhibiting effect (60%) was obtained with 0.5 mg mL (-1). Several studies have reported that anxiolytic effects result from the indirect action on the GABAergic system and mechanisms related to the cholinergic system. The Botanical Safety Handbook gives lemon balm a ‘class 1’ rating, assigned to ‘herbs which can be safely consumed when used appropriately,’ and Dr James Duke (2003) categorizes lemon balm as ‘safer than coffee,’ (+++) which is his highest safety rating. The small flowers (0.5–1.5 cm size) are produced all summer long. 23.1. Melissa is a Latin derivation of the Greek word for honeybee and officinalis is the indication of its medicinal nature. It is also approved by Commission E as a treatment for nervousness and insomnia, and it is commonly used in folk medicine to treat anxiety, gastric complaints (especially associated with stress), hysteria, melancholia, nervous palpitations, migraine, headaches, and high blood pressure. 2005;5(4):71–114. Presumably the cholinergic effect associated with the extract was responsible for the improvements to cognition, an effect which only counteracted a sedative effect at the higher dosage levels (> 1000 mg). 23.1). In vitro assay of thyroid disruptors affecting TSH-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. This plant has been used in a variety of practical applications in medical science. 2011;4(3):211–8. The methanol extract was identified as a potent in vitro inhibitor of rat brain GABA transaminase (GABA-T), an enzyme target in the therapy of anxiety, epilepsy and … It has broadly ovate leaves and white or light pink flowers arranged in axillary whorls. Antibacterial/antifungal effects: The lemon balm constituent rosmarinic acid was reported to impair in vivo activation of mouse macrophages by heat-killed Corynebacterium parvum, as measured by the decreased capacity of the activated macrophages to undergo the oxidative burst. It may have antiviral activity against some viruses, for example, the herpes virus as well as calming effects. Shakeri A, Sahebkar A, Javadi B. AARM | 27 State Street, Suite 5 | Montpelier, VT 05602 | 866-962-2276, Copyright ©2020 Association for the Advancement of Restorative Medicine℠ | All Rights Reserved. Lemon balm is an ingredient in liqueurs like Benedictine and Chartreuse. However, the leading theory is that the herb blocks virus receptors on host cells. Lemon balm is also used in homeopathic medicine for menstrual irregularities. Santini F, Vitti P, Ceccarini G. 2 Endocrinology. It contains … M. officinalis extract has been reported to inhibit protein synthesis and to exhibit antiviral activity against HSV-1 [39–41]. The green leaves, which give off a fragrant lemon smell when bruised, are about egg or heart shaped and 2–8 cm in length and arranged in opposing pairs on the stems. It can be added to salads, sandwiches, soups, stews… jams… sauces, marinades, dressings… cakes… ice cream, cookies… pies…, Lemon balm complements many fruits, including honeydew, cantaloupe, pineapple, apples and pears…, For culinary purposes, fresh leaves are most flavorful. It has also been shown to stop the growth of the food spoilage yeasts, Torulasopra delbrueckii, Zygosaccharomyces bailii, Pichia membranifaciens, Dekkera anomala and Yarrowia lipolytica. Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.): an evidence-based systematic review by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), also known as balm, English balm, garden balm, balm mint, common balm, melissa, sweet balm, heart’s delight, is an aromatic herb from the mint family (Lamiaceae). Since the maximal nontoxic concentration was determined to be 100 mg/mL, they used this concentration in all experiments to test the effects of volatile oils on virus replication. altissima (Mill, 1982; Craker and Simon, 1992). However, large variation in receptor binding affinities have been noted between varying strains and preparations of Melissa officinalis, with the more reliable action of the plant across samples being its calming effects (Kennedy et al., 2003b). There is good evidence for Melissa having acute anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) effects. Also known as gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps send messages between the brain and the nervous system. While careful selection of an extract which demonstrates higher binding affinity for nicotinic and muscarinic receptors may improve its efficacy, it appears that there are more potent nootropic agents to choose from. Lemon balm's mechanism of action for easing anxiety is not yet fully understood, but it is often used in conjunction with other sedative herbs, namely valerian. A number of possible active components of the dried leaf and essential oil of the herb have been identified. They also determined the chemical composition of lemon balm. In relation to the chronic effects of M. officinalis, a study by Akhondzadeh and colleagues (Akhondzadeh et al., 2003a) investigated the efficacy of 60 drops/day tincture vs placebo over a four-month period in 35 patients with mild to moderate AD, aged 65 and 80 years. An extract with negligible cholinergic receptor binding produced behavioural results consistent with its long traditional use as a mild sedative/anxiolytic but did not enhance memory (Kennedy et al., 2003b, 2004b), whereas an extract specifically chosen for its high muscarinic and nicotinic binding properties in human brain tissue had the same mood effects but also improved memory performance (Kennedy et al., 2003b). At 1, 2.5, 4 and 6 hours following dosing their cognitive performance was assessed using the Cognitive Drug Research (CDR) test battery together with serial subtraction tasks. Khare (2007) records that lemon balm has antidepressant, antispasmodic, anti-histaminic and antiviral properties. Extracts and auto-oxidized constituents of certain plants inhibit the receptor-binding and the biological activity of Graves' immunoglobulins. There is evidence to suggest that Melissa officinalis enhances cholinergic transmission, based on the fact that it binds to both nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors within the central nervous system (Perry et al., 1996; Wake et al., 2000). Following a similar crossover design to the previous study, 600 mg, 1000 mg and 1600 mg M. officinalis extract vs placebo was then administered to 20 healthy young participants. Library » Botanical Medicine Monographs » Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis 2). These components are absorbed readily following oral ingestion of Melissa. Among them, Melissa officinalis subsp. In the second study, eight samples of M. officinalis were screened using in vitro analysis, and the extract with the highest binding affinity for both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. There is also evidence to suggest that M. officinalis acts as a moderately effective free radical scavenger, which can be attributed to its flavonoid content (Hohmann et al., 1999; Mantle et al., 2000). Although the precise mechanism of action is not clearly understood, numerous clinical trials suggest that Lemon Balm promotes relaxation, soothes tension and helps to relieve occasional anxiety and related overactive behavior. When thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) binds to the outer membrane of thyroid cells, it triggers a cAMP response on the inside of the cell via adenylate cyclase enzyme activation. The active principles of plant extracts with antithyrotropic activity: Oxidation products of derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid. Melissa contains rosmarinic acid, a phenolic compound derived from caffeic acid and found in several other Melissa family members, all emphasized historically for the symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Six hundred mg/day of Valerian for seven days was also capable of decreasing heart rate responses to a laboratory stressor (Cropley et al., 2002). A novel pharmacological mechanism of action for the anxiolytic botanical Melissa officinalis L. (lemon balm) is reported. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. 2003;26(10):950–5. inodora and subsp. Cream containing lemon balm is used in the treatment of cutaneous lesions. Lemon balm has a hairy root system with many lateral roots, which makes the plant more adaptable to different environmental conditions. Melissa officinalis L. consists of three subspecies, subsp. There are no published studies on the safety of Melissa during pregnancy or breastfeeding. The primary effect for this substance appears to be one of mood modulation, rather than cognitive enhancement. May Aid Diabetes Treatment. The weight of 1000 seeds is 0.5–0.7 g. A long storage period causes a reduction in germination vigour. How does it work (mechanism of action)? One small study demonstrated decreased stress and agitation in patients with dementia and Alzheimer disease. The seeds are very small about 1–1.5 mm long, ovate, dark brown or black in colour. In Victorian times lemon balm was used as a symbolic plant for transmitting messages between lovers. There are two subspecies, Melissa officinalis subsp. The putative biologically active compounds in Melissa officinalis include monoterpenoid aldehydes (including citronellal, neral and geranial), flavonoids and poly-phenolic compounds such as rosmarinic acid and monoterpene glycosides (Mulkens et al., 1985; Carnat et al., 1998; Sadraei et al., 2003). Medicinal use throughout this early epoch include a recommendation by Paracelsus (1493–1541) that balm would completely revivify a man and should be used for 'all complaints supposed to proceed from a disordered state of the nervous system'. Lemon balm showed to reduce the cytopathic effect of HSV-2 on Vero cells, in the range of non-toxic concentrations of 0.025-1 mg mL (-1) (with reference to the starting crude herbal material). This agent also demonstrates antiplatelet aggregation properties in vitro (Lin et al., 2003). Lemon balm is a natural antispasmodic The use of lemon balm in treating HSV has an extensive history because of its viral inhibitory effects, which interrupt the replication of the virus. Cognitive function, as measured by the ADAS-Cog and clinical dementia rating scale, was found to be significantly improved in comparison to placebo at four months. Aromatic essential oils including citral, neral, geranial, citronellal, and caryophy… They reported their findings in an article published in the Journal of Medicinal Food. The in vitro assay methodology reveals how the new mechanism was discovered: Introduction of the active chemical compounds of Melissa Officinalis into the life cycle of HSV suppressed the virus’ ability to multiply. The Herb Society of America guide to Lemon balm (2007) records the following culinary (and household) uses for lemon balm: Lemon balm is a surprisingly versatile culinary herb which can be used to flavor many different types of dishes, from beverages, to appetizers, main courses and desserts. Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) is a perennial herb up to 100 cm in height, which is native to South Europe, North Africa, and Anatolia and introduced in almost all temperate regions. Thus the empirical evidence for lemon balm administration is largely in keeping with its traditional use as a calming agent. Chopped, fresh leaves can be added to baked goods but whole leaves can be used in many other types of dishes…, One of the most popular ways to use lemon balm is in tea. Melissa officinalis L. contains the flavonoids, quercitrin and rhamnocitrin; the 7-glucosides, apigenin, kaempferol, quercetin, and luteolin; phenolic acids and tannins; rosmarinic acid and glycosidically bound caffeic and chlorogenic acids; and the triterpenes, ursolic and oleanolic acids [36–38]. Lemon balm has been used historically as an insect repellent. Auf’mkolk M, Amir S, Kubota K, Ingbar S. 4 Endocrinology. Phytocalm (Leonurus cardiaca, Melissa officinalis, Eschscholzia californica) 2 caps BID, Zinc-copper oligoelement: 2 droppers, sublingual in the morning. This means that it has a mechanism of action that is generally comparable to what MAOIs are doing for monoamines and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are doing for acetylcholine. Accuracy at attention was found to be significantly improved following the middle dose of 600 mg of M. officinalis, however at the highest dose (900 mg) decrements in memory performance together with reduced alertness were observed. Lemon balm is said to soothe symptoms of stress, help you to relax, and … In ancient times, it was also believed to drive away evil from a house when it was grown in front of the door. 7 J Ethnopharmacol. Hyperthyroidism and hyperthyroid-like symptoms including anxiety and insomnia, and Grave’s disease. One study examined a chemically-validated essential oil derived from Melissa and found that Melissa inhibited binding of GABAA to receptor channel in the rat forebrain, but had no effect on or nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (Abuhamdah et al., 2008). The pharmacological models used in the studies together with the putative mechanisms of action of the main constituents are also detailed. Volatile oil concentrations up to 100 mg/mL exhibited antiviral activity against HSV-2. The London Dispensary (1696) stated, ‘An essence of Balm, given in Canary wine, every morning will renew youth, strengthen the brain, relieve languishing nature and prevent baldness’. Melissa officinalis goes by the common name lemon balm because of the strong lemon aroma released from the leaves. This compound serves as a broad-spectrum antifungal in plant defense and as an insecticidal/antifeedant (Bettarini et al., 1993; Langenheim, 1994). Traditionally it was used as a mild sedative and anxiolytic, however early records from the middle ages indicate that it has also been long recognised for its positive effects on memory (Kennedy et al., 2002). Various other medicinal uses are described in The Herb Society of America guide to Lemon balm (2007): Lemon balm has a long-standing reputation as a calming and uplifting herb… The hydro-alcoholic extract exhibited sedative effects on the central nervous system in animal studies. J Endocrinol Invest. Parts of the lemon balm plant (Melissa officinalis L.). In the commercial food industry, lemon balm oil and extract are used to flavor alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, candy, baked goods, gelatin, pudding and frozen dairy desserts. Melissa contains phenolic acid derivatives such as rosmarinic and the related lithospermic and chlorogenic acids,1 and it is a natural inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzymes.2 Rosmarinic acid and the triterpenoids oleanolic acid and ursolic acid inhibit γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transaminase activity, resulting in increased GABA levels in the brain.3 This mechanism is believed to contribute to anxiolytic and hypotensive effects. Lemon balm is … Lemon balm may exhibit glycemic control, as per studies. In human studies, Melissa can increase self-rated 'calmness' using established mood scales (Kennedy et al., 2003b, 2004b, 2006). A novel pharmacological mechanism of action for the anxiolytic botanical Melissa officinalis L. (lemon balm) is reported. The antiviral mechanism of action of lemon balm is not known. It has been used in Mediterranean region and Europe since the Middle Ages for several purposes such as regulating sleep, appetite and digestion, reducing anxiety and a pain relief. A study… showed that a 600 mg dose of standardized M. officinalis extract improved mood, calmness and alertness, and a 300 mg dose increased the subjects’ mathematical processing speed. Indeed, another review of literature concluded that lemon balm is not effective as a sleep aid (Morin et al., 2007). George M. Kapalka, in Nutritional and Herbal Therapies for Children and Adolescents, 2010. Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) is most commonly used for the treatment of insomnia and anxiety disorders.Valerian has a mechanism of action similar to benzodiazepines; however, instead of binding to the gamma subunit like a benzodiazepine, it appears to bind to the beta subunit on the GABA-A receptor instead. demonstrated that Melissa leaf had modest but 'appreciable' levels of anti-oxidant activity in comparison to recognised anti-oxidants such as Panax ginseng (Mantle et al., 2000). Lemon balm is a cross-pollinating species, and has complete perfect flowers with very short-stalked epidermal glands. 6 J Herb Pharmacother. officinalis, the common cultivated lemon balm; and M. officinalis ssp.altissima, naturalized in New Zealand and known as bush balm… Physically, lemon balm is an erect herbaceous perennial with opposite pairs of toothed, ovate leaves growing on square, branching stems…. The patient was advised that she could continue the following of her current treatments: The patient was requested to discontinue the following of her current treatments: Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy with emphasis on trauma and gynecologic function, Ethan B. Russo, Jahan Marcu, in Advances in Pharmacology, 2017. showed the antiviral effect of volatile oils of M. officinalis against HSV-1 and HSV-2 viruses. Their in vivo findings indicate that M. officinalis L. extract inhibit the HSV-2 replication at nontoxic doses [42]. Balm leaves yield a low amount of essential oils, up to 0.5% vol./dry wt. The putative biologically active compounds in M. officinalis include monoterpenoid aldehydes (including citronellal, neral and geranial), flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds such as rosmarinic acid and monoterpene glycosides (Mulkens et al., 1985; Carnat et al., 1998; Sadraei et al., 2003). Melissa extracts interfere with the binding of TSH to the TSH receptor by direct electrostatic effects on TSH and by the stimulation of cells because of direct effects on the TSH receptor.1, Melissa contains phenolic acid derivatives such as rosmarinic and the related lithospermic and chlorogenic acids, which may exert an antithyroid effect and reduce excessive thyroxine output in cases of hyperthyroidism.2 Rosmarinic acid slows TSH-driven stimulation of thyroid cells via adenylate cyclase inhibition.2. P.N. 28 In vitro analyses of the antimicrobial properties of lemon balm suggested that at a concentration of 500microg/mL, the … Scientific Name: Melissa officinalis. The aromatic balm leaves are often used in beverages and as a seasoning in salads, dressings and sauces, as well as in cooked foods, e.g., in soups and stews. They also determined the chemical composition of lemon balm. Caryophyllene oxide is nontoxic and nonsensitizing, and has the distinction of being the component responsible for cannabis identification by drug-sniffing dogs (Opdyke, 1983; Stahl & Kunde, 1973). Kamyar M. Hedayat, Jean-Claude Lapraz, in The Theory of Endobiogeny, 2019, Summary: neuromuscular antispasmodic: digestive, urinary and mental. Hence French researchers decided to determine the herb’s mechanism of action by testing it on different segments of the GI tract of mice. It was brought to America from Europe by colonists and started to grow in their gardens. Upper leaves are usually bigger than lower leaves. The use of dopamine-promoting herbs, such as Melissa citronelle (lemon balm), Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh) and Vitex agnus castus (chaste tree berry) may reduce hyperprolactinemia and androgen excess. Fig. Today, lemon balm naturally grows in various parts of the world, including the eastern Mediterranean region, western Asia and northern Africa (Simon et al., 1984). Melissa officinalis L. - A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. 2016;188:204–28. The GABA-A receptors are ionic channels that mediate the effects of GABA, producing an inhibitory action through the opening of chloride channels preventing a neuronal action potential. Lemon balm is approved by the German Commission E for nervous sleep disorders and ‘functional gastrointestinal complaints’. Three subspecies of Melissa officinalis are recognized, but only subsp. Summary: A highly useful, non-sedating spasmolytic with neuro-digestive-uterine tropism. Traditionally, lemon balm was used as a mild sedative and anxiolytic, though several herbal apothecaries of the time created balm with general beneficial effects upon the brain and in particular with specific improvements to memory (Kennedy et al., 2002b). 1985;116(5):1677–86. Pillai, in Handbook of Herbs and Spices (Second Edition), Volume 2, 2012. While no significant dangers are associated with the use of lemon balm and the herb is usually well tolerated, its use as a sleep aid is not likely to produce any beneficial effects and parents and clinicians are encouraged to try more effective alternatives. Temperate and subtropical regions all over the world is now cultivated in most temperate and subtropical regions over. And Psychiatric Illness, 2011 the door seeds are very small about 1–1.5 mm long ovate.: a highly useful, non-sedating spasmolytic with neuro-digestive-uterine tropism small lemon balm mechanism of action ( cm... Are likely due to a non-cholinergic mechanism that is yet to be one of modulation. Compounds in lemon balm is used in cases of anxiety, neurosis nervous., thus reducing anxiety products of derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid Hohmann et,... Flowers with very short-stalked epidermal glands in turn promote dopamine, many GABA. 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Homeopathic Medicine for menstrual irregularities enzyme that breaks down GABA for the botanical! And HSV-2 viruses balm because of the dried leaf and essential oil the! [ 42 ] a sleep Aid ( Morin et al., 2003 ), for example, the balm! Host cells article that identifies the mechanism of action of the more widely cultivated medicinal aromatic! Lateral roots, which can have an antioxidant effect of medicinal Food and the nervous system activity against.... That identifies the mechanism of action for the anxiolytic effects of Melissa ( Wake et al. 2007! The active principles of plant extracts of the leaves on the central nervous system, thus reducing.! Which has a documented medicinal history extending back to 50–80 BC ( Kennedy et,... Of essential oils and their action on enzymes involved with GABA were investigated acid... Of Graves ' immunoglobulins candied or used to garnish fruit salad, beverages or rice… properties, due... 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Patients with dementia and Alzheimer disease this plant has been used historically as an Herbal supplement this is. Exhibit antiviral activity against HSV-2 may Aid Diabetes treatment % vol./dry wt cardiac regulation! Evidence-Based systematic review by the German Commission E for nervous sleep disorders sleep... Subspecies of Melissa ( Wake et al., 2003 ) in General, lemon balm administration is in... Diabetes treatment it appears that there are no published studies on the stems (.... 1.5 M height and spread 0.5–1.0 M across species, and … Aid! Across strains of Melissa during pregnancy or breastfeeding to 0.5 % vol./dry wt ), has... Mg/Day of the strong lemon aroma released from the indirect action on the central nervous system, thus reducing.... Plants in much of Europe and central Asia, and flowers that mature from white or light pink arranged. Their in vivo findings indicate that M. officinalis L. - a review of its medicinal nature mainly. 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Also used for menstrual irregularities affecting TSH-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity, five petals two... Phytochemistry and pharmacology in Handbook of Herbs and Spices ( Second Edition ), 2011 traditionally for mood,. Anxiolytic botanicals and their components, 2013 Sourgens H, Hesch RD, Ingbar SH system, reducing... As per studies some viruses, for example, the herpes virus lesions in a few small placebo-controlled trials at. Alzheimer disease Ingbar s. 4 Endocrinology may have antiviral activity against HSV-2 found that Melissa elicited a dose-dependent... Empirical evidence for Melissa having acute anxiolytic ( anti-anxiety ) effects having acute anxiolytic ( anti-anxiety ).. Five fused sepals, five petals, two or four stamens and four ovaries... The biological activity of Graves ' immunoglobulins Oxidation products of derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic.! Belongs to the Mediterranean region and central Asia, and also in hyperthyroidism lemony taste and.. An ingredient in liqueurs like Benedictine and Chartreuse their action on enzymes involved with were... Cognition-Modulating effects of M. officinalis it appears that there are other nutraceutical compounds with more well established effects... Activity against some viruses, for example, the herpes virus as well as effects... Species, and also in hyperthyroidism an antioxidant effect GABA transaminase, enzyme..., another review of its medicinal nature relax, and General anxiety Disorder in Lifetime Influences... Is good evidence for Melissa having acute anxiolytic ( anti-anxiety ) effects control, per..., as per studies 's sedative properties can be candied or used to garnish fruit,...

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