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When the privies were not cleaned out on a regular basis, the cesspits overflowed and the sewage ran down the streets. Because of the industrial revolution that took place, urbanisation started in the 19th century. Before the industrial revolution, more than 80 percent of people lived in the country side. Under this half daylight 300,000 human beings are ceaselessly at work.... From this foul drain the greatest stream of human industry flows out to fertilize the whole world. We ain't got no privies, no dustbins, no drains, no water supplies, and no sewers in the whole place... We are living like pigs, and it ain't fair... We hope you will let us have our complaints put into your influential paper, and make the landlords... make our houses decent for Christians to live in. Cities still needed many new people every now and again because of bad sanitary conditions and diseases. It was now "a chequer board of mean streets, alleyways and courts". One aspect of the industrial revolution (more on coal, iron, steam ) was the rapid urbanization, as new and expanding industry caused villages and towns to swell, sometimes into vast cities. His invention proved successful for iron refining techniques. (3), James P. Kay-Shuttleworth was a doctor in Manchester and in 1832 he reported: "Frequently, the inspectors found two or more families crowded into one small house and often one family lived in a damp cellar where twelve or sixteen persons were crowded. 1784- The ironmaster, Henry Cort came up with the idea for a puddling furnace in order to make iron. 1852- The British shipbuilding company Palmer Brothers & Co opens in Jarrow. 1912- The industry of Great Britain reaches its peak, with the textile industry producing around 8 billion yards of cloth. The Manchester Ship Canal linking the ports of Liverpool and Manchester. The following is an overview of countries where the industrial revolution took place: Industrial Revolution in Europe: The industrial revolution began in Great Britain in the late 1770s before spreading to the rest of Europe. In the same year Friedrich Engels publishes his observations of the impact of the industrial revolution in “The Condition of the Working Class in England”. Besides these cellar dwellings there are 2,270 courts, small spaces built up on all four sides and having but one entrance, a narrow-covered passage-way, the whole ordinarily very dirty and inhabited exclusively by proletarians. The strongest survive; but the same causes which destroy the weakest, impair the vigour of the more robust; and hence the children of our manufacturing population are proverbially pale and sallow." In 1773 Manchester was a market-town with a population of 27,000. We ain't got no privies, no dustbins, no drains, no water supplies, and no sewers in the whole place... We are living like pigs, and it ain't fair... We hope you will let us have our complaints put into your influential paper, and make the landlords... make our houses decent for Christians to live in." 1800- Around 10 million tons of coal had been mined in Britain. The State should have the power of rescuing its future citizens from such surroundings, and the law which protects young children from practical hurt should also be so framed as to protect them from moral destruction. 1847- New law stating limited working hours of women and children in textile factories to ten hours a day. 1847- New law stating limited working hours of women and children in textile factories to ten hours a day. Like its British progenitor, the Belgian Industrial Revolution centred in iron, coal, and textiles. (2) Another journalist, James Greenwood, who also investigated the problems of living in the new industrial towns saw himself as a "volunteer explorer in the depths of social mysteries". Manchester is a good example of how a town was changed by the Industrial Revolution. One way of doing this was to make sure that the houses shared as many walls as possible. Children aged thirteen and over could not work longer than sixty nine hours a week. These factories and mines were dangerous and unforgiving places to work in. 1815- Cornish chemist Sir Humphrey Davy and English engineer George Stephenson both invented safety lamps for miners. They experienced intense development during the 19th century, changing beyond recognition. A full fifth of the population, more than 45,000 human beings, live in narrow, dark, damp, badly ventilated cellar dwellings, of which there are 7,862 in the city. In Bristol, on one occasion, 2,800 families were visited, of whom 46 per cent occupied but one room each. Birmingham is located in the West Midlands region and has frequent departures to other major cities in England such as London, Liverpool, and Manchester. 1761- The Bridgewater Canal opens, the first of its kind in Britain. Some people used buckets to collect rain-water. One important impact of the industrial revolution (such as the use of coal, iron, and steam) was rapid urbanization, as new and expanding industry caused villages and towns to swell, sometimes into vast cities. The Victorians and their influence - or how the Victorians put the 'Great' into Great Britain! The industrial revolution brought with it many changes good for some and bad for others. They left the land and went to the industrial towns of the north of England. The result was rows and rows of back-to-back, terraced houses. Darby was able to sell 81 tons of iron goods that year. By the end of the 19th century, the island of Great Britain, which is about the size of the state of Louisiana, controlled the largest empire in the history of the world—an empire that covered one quarter of the world’s land mass. 1868- The TUC (Trade Unions Congress) is formed. The 18th century saw the emergence of the ‘Industrial Revolution’, the great age of steam, canals and factories that changed the face of the British economy forever. (4), The large number of factories in Manchester caused a considerable amount of pollution. However, the air was so polluted that this water would soon turn black. Among the workers are men coming from a country where the needs of men are reduced almost to those of savages, and who can work for a very low wage, and so keep down the level of wages for the English workmen who wish to compete, to almost the same level. This arises from the fact... that the working-people's quarters are sharply separated from the sections of the city reserved for the middle-class. It had a population of about 10,000 in the middle of the 18th century and it was described as "a garden city, with well laid out houses, surrounded by orchards and gardens in the midst of parkland and open spaces". There are neither sewers or drains, nor even privies belonging to the houses. Elsewhere, thousands of people moved to the rapidly growing industrial cities of northern England, such as Manchester and Leeds, in order to work in the new factories and textile mills that sprang up there from the 1750s onwards. (17) The people living in the street became so angry that they decided to write to The Times about their problems: "We live in muck and filth. I maintain that such cases as these are fit ones for legislative protection. Early industry Early 18th century British industries were generally small scale and relatively unsophisticated. Manchester is a good example of how a town was changed by the Industrial Revolution. 1779- The inventor Richard Arkwright became an entrepreneur and opened a cotton spinning mill using his invention of the water frame. 1848- The impact of industrialisation and creation of cities leads to a cholera epidemic across towns in Britain. The Growth of Big Cities in England The growth of most of the largest cities in England commenced at the onset of the industrial age in the 18th century. Before the Industrial Revolution, the cities were all small towns with very low population densities. (9), Nottingham was another town that had changed dramatically. (15) Thomas Carlyle pointed out: "Wealth has accumulated itself into masses and poverty, also in accumulation enough, lies impassably separated from it; opposed, uncommunicating, like forces in positive and negative poles." The people who moved to towns such as Manchester needed somewhere to live. For this room, the widow paid four and sixpence a week; the walls were mildewed and steaming with damp; the boards as you trod upon them made the slushing noise of a plant spread across a mud puddle in a brickfield. (6), Houses were also severely overcrowded. For this room, the widow paid four and sixpence a week; the walls were mildewed and steaming with damp; the boards as you trod upon them made the slushing noise of a plant spread across a mud puddle in a brickfield. HMS Warrior, now a museum ship in Portsmouth. 1870- Forster’s Education Act which takes the first tentative steps at enforcing compulsory education. The sun seen through it is a disc without rays. The establishment of major factory centers assisted in the development of canals, roads, and railroads, particularly in Derbyshire, Lancashire, Cheshire, Staffordshire, Nottinghamshire, and … Jessica Brain is a freelance writer specialising in history. In the same year, on the 9th October a group of English textile workers in Manchester rebelled against the introduction of machinery which threatened their skilled craft. The new industries were stimulated by the process of urbanization, … (14), Friedrich Engels agreed with Mayhew that they rich and poor lived very close together but they rarely visited each other's territory: "Every great city has one or more slums, where the working-class is crowded together. He wrote a series of articles for the newspaper, The Morning Chronicle. Of all the evils arising from this one room system there is perhaps none greater than the utter destruction of innocence in the young. In this task the government played an important role which spent considerable amount on the improvement of roads and construction of canals. 1851-Rural to urban migration results in over half the population of Britain now residing in towns. 1764- The invention of the Spinning Jenny by James Hargreaves in Lancashire. The golden age of British industry has come to an end. Condition of the Working Class in England, The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population. With the invention of the steam-engine, factories no longer had to be built by the side of fast-flowing rivers. (18), Obtaining clean water was a constant problem in industrial towns. By changing the way the cylinder was heated and cooled the amount of coal used in heating the water to produce the steam could be reduced by more than 60%. The Industrial Revolution caused sweeping changes to Britain by ushering in scientific advancements, growth of technology, improvements to the fields of agriculture and production and an overall economic expansion. During the industrial revolution, new social classes emerged in the society. 1844- The law states children younger than eight are banned from working. The invention allowed the workers to produce cloth much quicker thus increasing productivity and paving the way for further mechanisation. The industries in the cities eventually won the competition with the rural industries. Towns and cities grew during and after the Industrial Revolution as people sought to live closer to their factory work. Located in Derbyshire, Lombe’s Mill opens as a silk throwing mill, the first successful one of its kind in England. The idea consisted of a metal frame with eight wooden spindles. Businessmen began building factories in the town because of Manchester's large population and local coal deposits. 1834 – The Poor Law was passed in order to create workhouses for the destitute. Who is it that it blesses; makes happier, wiser, beautifuler, in any way better? The joint-stock company would later play a vital role in maintaining a trade monopoly that helped increase demand, production and profit. 1824- The repeal of the Combination Act which was believed to have caused irritation, discontent and gave rise to violence. 1799- The Combination Act received royal assent in July, preventing workers in England collectively bargaining in groups or through unions for better pay and improved working conditions. Why did the Industrial Revolution Start in England? In conclusion, life in the towns and cities of the Industrial Revolution was difficult for working-class people. 1844- The law states children younger than eight are banned from working. This involved making bar iron with a reverberating furnace stirred with rods. In 1840, 57% of the working-class children of Manchester died before their fifth birthday, compared with 32% in rural districts. Several countries in the world have been influenced by the industrial revolution in one way or another. Industrial Revolution: Industrial Revolution in England and Europe! With a long line of people willing to work, employers could set wages as low as they wanted because people were willing to do work as long as they got paid. Here humanity attains its most complete development and its most brutish; here civilisation works its miracles, and civilised man is turned back almost into a savage." City streets echoed with the din of horse-drawn traffic clattering on cobblestones and the hubbub of people engaged in daily trade. (8), A magazine published in October 1843 pointed out the problems experienced by the people of Edinburgh: "These streets are often so narrow that a person can step from the window of one house into that of its opposite neighbour, while the houses are piled so high, storey upon storey, that the light can scarcely penetrate into the court or alley that lies between. In the same year Friedrich Engels publishes his observations of the impact of the industrial revolution in “The Condition of the Working Class in England”. This attracted others who wanted to sell their goods and services to this large population. He later described himself as a "social explorer" and saw his role "as supplying information concerning a very large body of persons, of whom the public had less knowledge than of the most distant tribes of the earth". The Industrial Revolution is still a subject of vast historical debate about origins, evolution, growth, and ultimate outcomes. You will learn more about this empire in the next chapter. But if it is bad in the case of a respectable family, how much more terrible is it when the children are familiarised with actually immorality. His ideas would be shaped and developed throughout the years in order to create an automatic loom for the textile industry. Frequently, the inspectors found two or more families crowded into one small house and often one family lived in a damp cellar where twelve or sixteen persons were crowded. In consequence, all refuse, garbage, and excrements of at least 50,000 persons are thrown into the gutters every night, so that, in spite of all the street sweeping, a mass of dried filth and four vapous are created, which not only offend the sight and smell, but endanger the health of the inhabitants in the highest degree. Prime Ministers of Britain since 1721 including Margaret Thatcher, Tony Blair and Robert Walpole. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. By the end of the 19th century, the island of Great Britain, which is about the size of the state of Louisiana, controlled the largest empire in the history of the world—an empire that covered one quarter of the world’s land mass. Factories and industrial towns sprang up. People often lived in cramped conditions to be closer to their jobs. He patented the invention which arranged the fibres of wool. 1914- World War One changes the industrial heartlands, with foreign markets setting up their own manufacturing industries. So it is not surprising that Manchester already has 300,000 inhabitants and is growing at a prodigious rate. Manufacturing Output . The crucial development of the Industrial Revolution was the use of steam for power, and the greatly improved engine ... and the Black Country developed in England at the same time that Lancashire and Yorkshire were being transformed into the greatest textile centers of the world. This was one of the initial riots that would occur under the Luddite movement. 1833- The Factory Act is passed to protect children under the age of nine from working in the textile industry. Developments in 19th-century Europe are bounded by two great events. Between 1760 and 1880 there was a huge growth in the size of cities and a population shift as people started to move into the more industrialised areas in search of work. To quantify the enormous power of his new engines, James Watt also invented a new unit of measurement: The Horsepower. The 1800s was a time of 'Industrial Revolution'. 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